He’s A Live Wire, Metaphor and Poetry Essay

The use of allegory in poetry is unmatchable and only(a) of the closely important aspects of poetic flair that must be mastered. Metaphor screw be described as figure of lecture in which a thing is referred to as being something that it resembles. From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, where metaphor is constructed from human beings perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes. An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we chart one mental representation onto a nonher(prenominal) when we read texts.cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researche rs within the region of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated.Definition and Construction of Metaphor as we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in considerations of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek metapherein which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic theory (dictionary. com). In a metaphor, one of the basic adepts of a put to work, the source domain, is used to grasp or beg off a sense in a different domain, called tar place domain.The idea that we take attitudes from one area of experience and use them to approach and run into another is fundamental to human interactions with the world. In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in wrong of another, for casing, understanding criterion in terms of directionality. She eats like a bird. A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of human experience.The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the brain. Some theorists have draw outed that metaphors are not merely stylistic, but that they are cognitively important as well. In Metaphors We Live by by George Lakoff and quarry Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.A common translation of a metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how dickens things that are not alike in most shipway are similar in another important way. They explain how a metaphor is simply for understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in term s of another. The authors call this concept a conduit metaphor. By this, they meant that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it. In other words, intercourse is something that ideas go into.The container is separate from the ideas themselves. Lakoff and Johnson give some(prenominal) examples of daily metaphors we use, such as argument is war and time is money. Metaphors are widely used in context to describe soulfulnessal meaning. The authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself. (Johnson, Lakoff, 19) Concerned with its construction, metaphor is made up of three elements Tenor- the subject under discussion, Vehicle what the subject is compared to, Ground- what the poet believes the tenor and vehicle have in common.For inst ance, the metaphor hes a live electrify, he is the tenor, live wire is the vehicle and is full of energy / is very lively/is potentially dangerous is the intellect. So far, umpteen linguists have been attempting to elucidate the shipway in which language reflects the manner in which human beings perceive, categorize and conceptualize the world. The result is like this the more accurate, objective and verbal the description is, the more tortuous it may be.According to the linguist George Lakoff (Johnson, Lakoff,38), we use our basic bodily understanding of places, movements, forces, highways, objects and containers as sources of information about life, love, mathematics and all other pilfer concepts. Cognitive linguists suggest that we use metaphor intuitively and unconsciously to understand the mind, emotions and all other cabbage concepts. Such metaphors enable us, as embodied beings, to make sense of a concept such as mind, which we cannot see with our eyes or grasp wit h our hands.It allows us to take a view on the debate and to get to grips with the subject. Cognitive linguists suggest that, without such conventional metaphors, there would be no abstract thought. It also suggests that metaphors may privilege some understandings exclude others. Through field research, Lakoff has collected large numbers of metaphorical expressions. It is believed that these are derived from a smaller number of conceptual metaphors. Both creative, novel metaphors and dead, conventional metaphors are derived from conceptual metaphors.For Lakoff, the locale of metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. For example 1) Love is a journey. (This union is bad. ) The idiomatic expressions above, exemplifying two conceptual metaphors, are commonplace, non poetic and do not, perhaps, strike us as particularly metaphorical. We can say this marriage is in a rut and this statement is taken at literal value. If som eone were to say, Even a Massey Ferguson wouldnt have salvaged my marriage, we hear the statement as something new.Metaphorically, an impediment to the continuation of a marriage is an impediment to a journey continuing, such as a rut. On a real journey, we might ask the local farmer to haul our car out of a rut with a tractor. To create a novel metaphor, requisite for poetry and humor, the speaker has taken an aspect of the source of the conceptual metaphor that is not usually associated with the target. In doing so, the speaker has made the metaphor explicit and brought it bear to life. In other words, metaphor is describing one thing in terms of some other.Its tenor and vehicle have similarities as well as difference. The most significant difference is that the two belong to different domains tenor belongs to the source domain while vehicle belongs to the target domain. 2) The encyclopedia is a Gold mine. hither the encyclopedia and Gold mine are totally different, but they hav e similarity in a certain aspect. To say the encyclopedia is a property mine is because both of them deserve hard digging thus forming a metaphor. Such kind of similarity should be limited to certain aspects otherwise it cannot form a metaphor, 3) The encyclopedia is a dictionary.In this time, the encyclopedia and dictionary belong to the same category. Actually, the former is a subcategory of dictionary therefore, it is not a metaphor. Theoretically speaking, the happening of forming a metaphor depends on the difference between the two things. The more different they are, the more possible a metaphor they can be form. However, the end of difference should also be restricted by its similarity. The more different they are, the more difficult it will be for people to understand the metaphor.Because of this, a ground is needed to offer necessary explanations. Generally speaking, vehicles characteristics are more specific and familiar to people, for example 4) Architecture is solid m usic. As we know, music cannot be seen or touched but people still can understand it. By employing an abstract and invisible thing to define a concrete and specific object, this sentence gives the readers a sense of distance as well as a poetic conception. Therefore, a metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains.The different domains are known as the target domain and the source domain. The target domain is the topic or concept that you expect to describe through the metaphor while the source domain refers to the concept that you draw upon in order to create the metaphorical construction. In his influential look at of the poetic structure of the human mind, Gibbs highlights the important part metaphor plays in our everyday conceptual thought. Metaphors are not some kind of distorted literal thought, but rather are basic schemes by which people conceptualize their experience and their external world.Figurative language generally, which also includes ir ony, is found throughout speech and writing moreover, it does not require for its use any special intellectual talent or any special rhetorical situation (Gibbs, 21). Indeed, the fact that many metaphors pass us by in everyday social interaction is well illustrated by this unwitting slip by a venerable British sports commentator We didnt have metaphors in my day. We didnt beat about the bush. Metaphor is simply a natural part of conceptual thought and although doubtlessly an important feature of creativity, it should not be seen as a special or exclusive feature of literary discourse.In other words, metaphors are a cognitive process being seen in language in our everyday lives metaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we mobilise and act. Conceptual metaphors are used very often to understand theories and models. A conceptual metaphor uses one idea and links it to another to better understand something. For example, the conceptual metaphor of viewing commun ication as a conduit is one large theory explained with a metaphor.So not only is our everyday communication shaped by the language of conceptual metaphors, but so is the very way we understand scholarly theories. These metaphors are prevalent in communication and we do not just use them in language we actually perceive and act in accordance with the metaphors. A metaphor is simply for understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another, and the speaker could put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it.In other words, communication is something that ideas go into. The container is separate from the ideas themselves. Therefore, metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language hence, the term conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of t he more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface.Similarly, the mappings of a conceptual metaphor are themselves motivated by image schemas which pre-linguistic schemas are concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. Conceptual metaphors typically employ a more abstract concept as target and a more concrete or physical concept as their source. For instance, metaphors such as the days the more abstract or target concept ahead or giving my time rely on more concrete concepts, thus expressing time as a path into physical space, or as a substance that can be handled and offered as a gift.Different conceptual metaphors tend to be invoked when the speaker is trying to make a case for a certain point of view or course of action. For instance, one might associate the days ahead with leadership, whereas the artistic style giving my t ime carries stronger connotations of bargaining. Selection of such metaphors tends to be directed by a subconscious or implicit habit in the mind of the person employing them.