Creative Story: Deadlock :: essays research papers

Creative Story Deadlock"Bzzz Bzzz" The alarm went off, and Susan Calvin rolled over. It was 630in the morning, and RoboTimer had done its ancestry admirably, waking her up to thesecond of the time that it had been factory-programmed. Unfortunately, it hadntbeen set to the correct date, and when it announced "Saturday, December 14thGood morning" in a load cheery tone, she groaned come out load with the realizationthat it was Saturday, and after that affair with the hyperdrive motor, shewanted to sleep in, since it she had just come back to earth. "I hate thisstupid robot" she let out out loud, then suddenly closed her mouth. For SusanCalvin had just remembered that her pact with the satans, as she thought of them,known to the robotics world as the team of Powell and Donovan. She stretched,rolled out of bed, and went downstairs, negligee a robe around her as she went,to get some coffee. "Well, since Im already up, I might as well take a look atthe rest of those Rasssjemani-Quazaric-Smith Equations and see why they werecausing all those robots to go psycho," she thought. "Good thing that U.S.Robots and Mechanical Men hushed up that little incident, Id be out of a job ifthe whole world, the xenophobic and primally-fearful lot of them, knew aboutthat" As she got out and buttered her toast, she mulled the day ahead of her inher mind. Weekends were never truly weekends for Susan Calvin, as she was haleto work for most of the weekend, with her only respite being Sunday, which shewas allowed to come in an hour late for. However, she usually found herselfworking late into the night on Sundays, out of an artificially induced guiltthat she knew was not real, but could do nothing to correct. After being drivento work (working for the company that produced every MechTaxi in existence didhave some perks after all), greeting the doorman, and going up to her office,Susan Calvin was ready to look at those equations She only needed a small compass point of time to warm up, and the wakeup-breakfast-come to work routinesufficed. Almost as soon as she had sat down to work, the Founder of U.S. Robotscame in and said, "I need to talk with you, Calvin. Theres been more reportsin across the nation of those psycho robots, all of them with positronic brainsbuilt using the Rasssjemani-Quazaric-Smith Equations. We will be ruined, anddrawn and quartered by the masses if we dont start hushing this up again and

A Method To Memory :: essays research papers

A Method to Memory     The some other night I was sitting at home in my room watching the Rocketsgame, and my phone begins to ring. I answer "Hello", and I hear this franticvoice that I recognize as my friend Mandys. Mandy is a nervous wreck, she hasa big bio-chem test in the morning and cant seem to remember a thing. I askher what kind of info she has, and she tells me she has notes and herbook. Now being the nice guy I am, and having just completed learning aboutmemory in my Intro to Psych class, I turned forth the T.V. and told her Id helpher learn to memorize things.     The first thing I told her about was a method c alled rehearsal. Iexplained that rehearsal involved repeating the information clock after time tokeep it from fading from her short term memory, or STM. She was a bit confusedso I simplified it for her. I reminded her of the other night when she waslooking for the number to Pizza Hut in the phone book, and when sh e found it shestarted repeating over and over until she got to the phone and could dial it.She was astounded that she was doing this all along and didnt even know it. Ithen explained another short term memory method known as chunking. She cringedand thought I was lecture about the keg party the other night, but I explainedthat chunking involves taking a large number or word and breaking it follow up intosmaller pieces that could be remembered easier. I also told her that she couldchunk together the first letters of a phrase to make it more than accessible to hermemory retrieval system. I gave her the example of the New York Stock Exchange,or N.Y.S.E. That helped her a lot, but she was concerned whether or not shewould remember it all for the final, so I told her the more rehearsing she did,the deeper she would commit the information to memory.

Theatre In Changing Society :: essays research papers

Theatre will always survive in our changing society. It provides us with a mirror of the society within which we live, and where conflicts we run through are acted out on stage before us. It provides us with characters with which we identify with. The audience observes the emotions and actions as they happen and share the experience with the characters in real time.The survival of theatre lies in the very nature of humankind its inner voyeuristic drive. The desire to watch other state transaction with their conflicts and fates challenges as well as reinforces values and the morality of society. The theatre provides an exciting opportunity to watch stories and situations as if they were real bread and butter, showing us the truth of our nature.For as long as humankind exists, theatre will always analyze on an important function within its cultures. Through theatre, a culture expresses itself, reflects its society, and displays its individuality. It invites people to experience ot her cultures.Nevertheless, the question at hand is whether theatre will have a role in the society of the future, where cinema, digital television, and computers will ride out to expand and grow. The answer to this question is yes. Heading into the 21st century, theatre will only be a fraction in a solid media industry. However, scorn all the excitement technology brings with it, they will never replace theatre because it has something that can not be recreated or offered anywhere else. The cinema and its larger than life world appeals as an affordable alternative. Digital television provides digital interaction between the viewer and the producer. Theatre on the other hand, and its contents may take on a larger dimension, but we receive it directly in flesh and blood one to one. The magical atmosphere between an actor and informant who are constantly aware of each other and the theatres level of engagement is fundamentally more human and far more intimate.

The Concept of Power in International Politics Essay -- International

The concept of personnel is central to the study of international politics. International politics has been defined in cost of influencing major nations in the world to advance the purpose of a nation against the opposition of other nations. Thus, it is rather not surprising that power, either by marrow of influence or control, has been a dominant concept that is intertwined in discussion when it comes to the study of international politics. Before getting into the fundamental nature of power in international relations, it is needed to consider just what power is. Power in the study of international politics can be derived in several ways as a goal of states or individual as a measure of influence or control over stageors, events, outcomes, and international affairs as reflecting triumph in conflict and obtaining security as control over capabilities and resources. Power can broadly be considered of as the ability to manipulate others to act according to our benefit, and to aver t them from doing the same to us. Power is the creation, in and through loving relations, of outcomes that characterize the ability of actors to find out their status and fate. This wide-ranging concept involves both fundamental critical dimensions the types of social relations through which power works in relations of interaction or in social relations of constitutions and specificity of social relations through which effects are produced. The more power inclines more foreign policy choices the lesser-known theory of balance of power, where nations compete for dominance in a complicated chess game of military spending and diplomatic posturing. Possession of power permits both individuals and countries to successfully endorse and guard their interests con... ... Jammu and Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Stronger states such as the US waged war against weaker states such as Vietnam. Interestingly, the defeat of the United States in Vietnam and of the Soviet Union in Afghanista n indicates to a more intricate concept of power which is broader than mere financial or military strength. In fact, a lot of the current theories of international relations dispute that power as conventionally expound by realists is intrinsically unclear and open to analysis based on particular state of affairs. Nevertheless, it can be successfully concluded that power is in general associated with what a state can stop another state from doing to it and what a state can do. The ways by which power is executed may be changing, yet the fundamental nature of competing desires and interests remain predominant in defining the international relations.

Social Concerns in the poems of Kamala Das Essay -- essays research pa

He ( the poet) is responsible for humanity, even for the animals, he must see to it that his subterfuge can be smelt, felt, heard. ( Arthur Rimbaud) From the queen of erotica to a poetic pilgrim, the critical nexus on Kamala rock rabbit?s poetry has oscillated between opposite poles. These wide-ranging critical stances reflect that the genius of the poet refuses to be strait-jacketed into a uniform notion. In this paper, I will attempt to reveal the social issues that imbue the oeuvre of her poetry. Kamala Das in her much discussed autobiography, My Story , pointed out ? A poet?s raw material is not stone or clay, it is her personality.?1 In direct contradiction to Eliot?s theory of p oetic creation, Mrs. Das asserts that her poetry is subjective and through it she voices forth her strains and stresses. This, however, does not imply a selfish preoccupation with the self alone a melioristic vision that is shocked and disgusted at the plight of fellow mortals. Her sensitive soul is deeply affected by the maladies that lie deeply penetrate in the social matrix. In the poem Afterwards -- no intertextuality with Hardy?s poem -- written when the poet was in her teens, she questions the notions of scientific progress that has ushered the nuclear final solution ? Son of my womb, Ugly ... ... Works cited 1. Kamala Das-- My Story, DC Books, Kottayam, Aug. 2004.2. Kamala Das-- Summer in Calcutta, DC Books, Kottayam, Nov.2004.3. Kamala Das-- The Descendants, Writers? Workshop, Calcutta, 1991.4. Kamala Das-- The Descendants, Writers? Workshop, Calcutta, 1991.5. Kamala Das-- Collected Poems, Vol. I, Navkerala Printers, Trivandrum, 1984.6. Al Harmony Vol.6, July-Sept,2005.7. Anthony Perera-- ?Love India, love Sri Lanka?, Sunday Observer, April 29, 1984.8. Kamala Das-- The Old playhouse and Other Poems, Orient Longman, 1973.9. Kamala Das-- Only the Soul Knows How to Sing, DC Books, Kottayam, 1999.10.Kamala Das-- Only the Soul Knows How to Sing, DC Books, Kottayam, 1999.11. Presented to the author by the poet as a manuscript.

Social Concerns in the poems of Kamala Das Essay -- essays research pa

He ( the poet) is responsible for humanity, even for the animals, he must see to it that his invention can be smelt, felt, heard. ( Arthur Rimbaud) From the queen of erotica to a poetical pilgrim, the critical nexus on Kamala Das?s poetry has oscillated between opposite poles. These varied critical stances reflect that the genius of the poet refuses to be strait-jacketed into a homogeneous notion. In this paper, I will attempt to reveal the social issues that imbue the oeuvre of her poetry. Kamala Das in her much discussed autobiography, My Story , pointed out ? A poet?s raw material is not stone or clay, it is her personality.?1 In direct contradiction to Eliot?s theory of poetic cre ation, Mrs. Das asserts that her poetry is inwrought and through it she voices forth her strains and stresses. This, however, does not imply a selfish preoccupation with the self but a melioristic vision that is shocked and disgusted at the pledge of fellow mortals. Her sensitive soul is deeply affected by the maladies that lie deeply ingrained in the social matrix. In the poem Afterwards -- no intertextuality with Hardy?s poem -- written when the poet was in her teens, she questions the notions of scientific progress that has ushered the nuclear holocaust ? Son of my womb, Ugly ... ... Works cited 1. Kamala Das-- My Story, DC Books, Kottayam, Aug. 2004.2. Kamala Das-- Summer in Calcutta, DC Books, Kottayam, Nov.2004.3. Kamala Das-- Th e Descendants, Writers? Workshop, Calcutta, 1991.4. Kamala Das-- The Descendants, Writers? Workshop, Calcutta, 1991.5. Kamala Das-- Collected Poems, Vol. I, Navkerala Printers, Trivandrum, 1984.6. Al Harmony Vol.6, July-Sept,2005.7. Anthony Perera-- ?Love India, love Sri Lanka?, Sunday Observer, April 29, 1984.8. Kamala Das-- The Old Playhouse and Other Poems, Orient Longman, 1973.9. Kamala Das-- only if the Soul Knows How to Sing, DC Books, Kottayam, 1999.10.Kamala Das-- Only the Soul Knows How to Sing, DC Books, Kottayam, 1999.11. Presented to the author by the poet as a manuscript.

He’s A Live Wire, Metaphor and Poetry Essay

The use of allegory in poetry is unmatchable and only(a) of the closely important aspects of poetic flair that must be mastered. Metaphor screw be described as figure of lecture in which a thing is referred to as being something that it resembles. From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, where metaphor is constructed from human beings perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes. An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we chart one mental representation onto a nonher(prenominal) when we read texts.cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researche rs within the region of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated.Definition and Construction of Metaphor as we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in considerations of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek metapherein which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic theory (dictionary. com). In a metaphor, one of the basic adepts of a put to work, the source domain, is used to grasp or beg off a sense in a different domain, called tar place domain.The idea that we take attitudes from one area of experience and use them to approach and run into another is fundamental to human interactions with the world. In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in wrong of another, for casing, understanding criterion in terms of directionality. She eats like a bird. A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of human experience.The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the brain. Some theorists have draw outed that metaphors are not merely stylistic, but that they are cognitively important as well. In Metaphors We Live by by George Lakoff and quarry Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.A common translation of a metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how dickens things that are not alike in most shipway are similar in another important way. They explain how a metaphor is simply for understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in term s of another. The authors call this concept a conduit metaphor. By this, they meant that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it. In other words, intercourse is something that ideas go into.The container is separate from the ideas themselves. Lakoff and Johnson give some(prenominal) examples of daily metaphors we use, such as argument is war and time is money. Metaphors are widely used in context to describe soulfulnessal meaning. The authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself. (Johnson, Lakoff, 19) Concerned with its construction, metaphor is made up of three elements Tenor- the subject under discussion, Vehicle what the subject is compared to, Ground- what the poet believes the tenor and vehicle have in common.For inst ance, the metaphor hes a live electrify, he is the tenor, live wire is the vehicle and is full of energy / is very lively/is potentially dangerous is the intellect. So far, umpteen linguists have been attempting to elucidate the shipway in which language reflects the manner in which human beings perceive, categorize and conceptualize the world. The result is like this the more accurate, objective and verbal the description is, the more tortuous it may be.According to the linguist George Lakoff (Johnson, Lakoff,38), we use our basic bodily understanding of places, movements, forces, highways, objects and containers as sources of information about life, love, mathematics and all other pilfer concepts. Cognitive linguists suggest that we use metaphor intuitively and unconsciously to understand the mind, emotions and all other cabbage concepts. Such metaphors enable us, as embodied beings, to make sense of a concept such as mind, which we cannot see with our eyes or grasp wit h our hands.It allows us to take a view on the debate and to get to grips with the subject. Cognitive linguists suggest that, without such conventional metaphors, there would be no abstract thought. It also suggests that metaphors may privilege some understandings exclude others. Through field research, Lakoff has collected large numbers of metaphorical expressions. It is believed that these are derived from a smaller number of conceptual metaphors. Both creative, novel metaphors and dead, conventional metaphors are derived from conceptual metaphors.For Lakoff, the locale of metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. For example 1) Love is a journey. (This union is bad. ) The idiomatic expressions above, exemplifying two conceptual metaphors, are commonplace, non poetic and do not, perhaps, strike us as particularly metaphorical. We can say this marriage is in a rut and this statement is taken at literal value. If som eone were to say, Even a Massey Ferguson wouldnt have salvaged my marriage, we hear the statement as something new.Metaphorically, an impediment to the continuation of a marriage is an impediment to a journey continuing, such as a rut. On a real journey, we might ask the local farmer to haul our car out of a rut with a tractor. To create a novel metaphor, requisite for poetry and humor, the speaker has taken an aspect of the source of the conceptual metaphor that is not usually associated with the target. In doing so, the speaker has made the metaphor explicit and brought it bear to life. In other words, metaphor is describing one thing in terms of some other.Its tenor and vehicle have similarities as well as difference. The most significant difference is that the two belong to different domains tenor belongs to the source domain while vehicle belongs to the target domain. 2) The encyclopedia is a Gold mine. hither the encyclopedia and Gold mine are totally different, but they hav e similarity in a certain aspect. To say the encyclopedia is a property mine is because both of them deserve hard digging thus forming a metaphor. Such kind of similarity should be limited to certain aspects otherwise it cannot form a metaphor, 3) The encyclopedia is a dictionary.In this time, the encyclopedia and dictionary belong to the same category. Actually, the former is a subcategory of dictionary therefore, it is not a metaphor. Theoretically speaking, the happening of forming a metaphor depends on the difference between the two things. The more different they are, the more possible a metaphor they can be form. However, the end of difference should also be restricted by its similarity. The more different they are, the more difficult it will be for people to understand the metaphor.Because of this, a ground is needed to offer necessary explanations. Generally speaking, vehicles characteristics are more specific and familiar to people, for example 4) Architecture is solid m usic. As we know, music cannot be seen or touched but people still can understand it. By employing an abstract and invisible thing to define a concrete and specific object, this sentence gives the readers a sense of distance as well as a poetic conception. Therefore, a metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains.The different domains are known as the target domain and the source domain. The target domain is the topic or concept that you expect to describe through the metaphor while the source domain refers to the concept that you draw upon in order to create the metaphorical construction. In his influential look at of the poetic structure of the human mind, Gibbs highlights the important part metaphor plays in our everyday conceptual thought. Metaphors are not some kind of distorted literal thought, but rather are basic schemes by which people conceptualize their experience and their external world.Figurative language generally, which also includes ir ony, is found throughout speech and writing moreover, it does not require for its use any special intellectual talent or any special rhetorical situation (Gibbs, 21). Indeed, the fact that many metaphors pass us by in everyday social interaction is well illustrated by this unwitting slip by a venerable British sports commentator We didnt have metaphors in my day. We didnt beat about the bush. Metaphor is simply a natural part of conceptual thought and although doubtlessly an important feature of creativity, it should not be seen as a special or exclusive feature of literary discourse.In other words, metaphors are a cognitive process being seen in language in our everyday lives metaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we mobilise and act. Conceptual metaphors are used very often to understand theories and models. A conceptual metaphor uses one idea and links it to another to better understand something. For example, the conceptual metaphor of viewing commun ication as a conduit is one large theory explained with a metaphor.So not only is our everyday communication shaped by the language of conceptual metaphors, but so is the very way we understand scholarly theories. These metaphors are prevalent in communication and we do not just use them in language we actually perceive and act in accordance with the metaphors. A metaphor is simply for understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another, and the speaker could put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it.In other words, communication is something that ideas go into. The container is separate from the ideas themselves. Therefore, metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language hence, the term conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of t he more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface.Similarly, the mappings of a conceptual metaphor are themselves motivated by image schemas which pre-linguistic schemas are concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. Conceptual metaphors typically employ a more abstract concept as target and a more concrete or physical concept as their source. For instance, metaphors such as the days the more abstract or target concept ahead or giving my time rely on more concrete concepts, thus expressing time as a path into physical space, or as a substance that can be handled and offered as a gift.Different conceptual metaphors tend to be invoked when the speaker is trying to make a case for a certain point of view or course of action. For instance, one might associate the days ahead with leadership, whereas the artistic style giving my t ime carries stronger connotations of bargaining. Selection of such metaphors tends to be directed by a subconscious or implicit habit in the mind of the person employing them.

Blackfeet: Native Americans in the United States and Blackfoot Tribe Essay

The Blackfeet or Blackfoot is a Native Ameri shag tribe that was originally dictated in Canada, Montana, and Idaho. The majority of the tribe is located in Alberta, Canada, where three of the quad Blackfeet bands are established. The Blackfeet can be put together in the Great Plains, around many rivers and mountains. Some of these rivers include the Yellowstone River and the Missouri River. Also, just east of the Rocky Mountains, a major boundary in the past, members of the Blackfeet have been spotted.Although the area did not get much rainfall, the climate was relatively state of warm. Presently, a Blackfoot reservation can be located in Montana, east of the Glacier National Park. In the past the population was around 5,200 people, but has now grown to about 32,234 members. The Blackfeet took their weapons and the topic of warfare very seriously. They were the high hat hunters, fighters, and raiders in the Great Plains and often times found themselves at war with their rivals, the Shoshone.Regarding weapons, the Blackfeet traditionally used 3-foot long bows made of horn and arrows held in otter skin quivers. early(a) weapons included war clubs, guns, and buffalo hide shields. During a raid or battle, the Blackfoot warriors were honored for taking a horse or a scalp, but it was point better if they stole a gun. Before a battle, the Blackfoot tribe would do a variety of things, such as calling upon spiritual powers, singing war songs, and using face paint, lucky charms, and war medicine. People of the Blackfoot tribe wore a certain type of clothing.The woman donned long deerskin dresses, while the men clothed themselves in buckskin tunics with breechcloths that had leggings sewn into them. Most of the people wear feathers in their hair, but only for special occasions, like dances or festivals. Blackfoot dresses and war shirts were often decorated with porcupine quills, elk teeth, and beads. The entire tribe wore moccasins and buffalo hide robes in the wi nter. However, chiefs of the tribe wore a different type of clothing, sometimes tall feather headdresses and decorated robes.Today, the Blackfoot tribe can be found wearing modern clothing, like jeans. In order to feed their families and survive the Blackfeet had to hunt for their food. Buffalo meat was a staple in their diet. They prepared it by either boiling, roasting, or drying it. If dried, the buffalo meat was stored in rawhide pouches. Another staple was pemmican, a mixture of ground buffalo meat, service berries, and summation grease. The Blackfeet used pemmican in the winter when live buffalo were scarce.While the Blackfeet men were out hunting large game, like deer, elk, moose, mountain sheep, antelope, and buffalo, the women could be found collecting roots, turnips, and camas bulbs. To supplement their diet, the Blackfeet preferred to use berries. The history and culture of the Blackfoot tribe provides valuable insight into the tribes peoples diet, warfare, clothing, and location. Through studying this tribe, current people are allowed to learn more about the importance of this particular tribe.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of An Armed Public

It is believed that the safest nations wealthy person very strict gun control laws. This strong gun control laws enhances a lower horror rate but that is not always the case. Virginias homicide rate is low among other assigns like the state of Maryland, where unless one is a police or federal officer it is illegal to transport a handgun. (Joyner, 2004).Many will argue that carrying firearms does not make America more dangerous but instead much safer. With a positive thought, if everyone were gird, crime would trim down to an all fourth dimension low. Its just a matter of weather you be educated in this matter or just shooting from the hip. (Kopel, 1995).The result of this is that a law-abiding citizen can get licenses to carry concealed firearms. With the gun crazies and their paranoia such(prenominal) as crazy shooting similar to the massacre at Virginia Tech, and the military force nannies and their cult such as drug related shootings, the turn up of legalizing or not re mains an ever more complicated mess.This paper addresses this issue by relating the advantages and disadvantages of an armed everyday.Pros Of An Armed Public Most legislatures have failed to reach a compromise on some significant issues like concealed carry gun laws and the issue continue bewildering. According to Al Marzouqi on The Badger Herald (2007), he believes that the ban on concealed carry does not automatically translate to comparatively low crime rate, which is an important aspect of the discussion.The absence of crime is not a proof that a policy is working. Laws to restrain criminals form acquiring weapons do not stop them especially when they are bound on breaking the law. All a ban on concealed carry does is to create a false sense of security that is all too often shattered by a tragedy and prevents law abiding citizens from defending themselves in such situations.Secondly In a small town, backup is sometimes an absent luxury good citizens with personal firearms can save the situation. Thirdly many lives might be saved, just by the presence of a gun without necessarily meaning presence of the police.The law does not state that police should always be of helper if called or requested for any help. Police are not required to help and they cannot be sued if they DONT help.Californias Government Code, Sections 821, 845, and 846 states, in part Neither a public entity or a public employee may be sued for failure to provide adequate police protection or service, failure to prevent the commission of crimes and failure to stop criminals.Lastly the number of unregistered guns is actually unknown, but it is probably in the multi-millions like the registered ones.These guns would be most difficult to locate, though readily available to the criminals. Handguns are made everywhere too because they are legal in some states and therefore a booming business, so to be successful in eliminating guns in the US, one must shut down the entire worlds ammunition i ndustries and their sales channels, which is basically impossible.Therefore the issue of not legalizing does not decrease the number of illegal arms, the criminals would silent be armed and lack of the legal guns in a system lives the ordinary citizen disarmed.It is logical that a bully with a gun would not flak someone they knew were armed. guns reduce the number of attempted crimes because criminals are uncertain which potential victims can defend themselves. States with the largest increases in gun ownership also have the largest drops in violent crimes according to Lott on More guns, less crime in 2000.Criminals are deterred by higher penalties. Just as higher arrest and creed range deter crime, so does the risk that someone committing a crime will confront on someone able to defend him or herself.The direful shooting in Arkansas occurred in one of the few places where having guns was already illegal. These laws risk creating situations in which the good guys cannot defend themselves from the bad ones. (Lott, 2000)Cons Of An Armed Public A gun owner is more likely to accidentally shoot an innocent person than shoot the burglar because they are highly annoyed at the time of the conflict. Secondly allowing people to carry concealed weapons brings about the likelihood of them falling into the wrong hands. Laws concealed carry state that a person applying for a stand must satisfy an existing criterion.The proposed criteria include age restrictions, background checks, legal citizenship, gun safety classes and mental stability. It is believed that with such procedures, the risks of guns falling into the wrong hands would moderate but this is simply not the case. There are several fundamental flaws with these limitations, including the fault on the licensing body.Thirdly laws to legalize owning of firearms would mean that if individuals meet all criteria for the permit, then the state cannot under any circumstances, withhold it from them unless there exis t other laws giving a supervising body the right to withhold a permit from a qualified person.Lastly, release of arms to the public means that they will be highly accessible to unauthorized persons such as children in a family scope who can be able to access majority of the family recourses in exception of the firearms. According to HRW in 2006, between 1985 and 1994, murders committed by children with guns more than tripled in America.Crime rates in England and Australia England has strict gun control but their firearms related crime statistic has been steadily increasing. Originally homicides did not increase with the invention of firearms, but instead seems to have fallen sharply as guns became more efficient and widely owned in England. (Kates, 2002).There are enough historical facts that refute claims that guns cause homicide. Violent crime did not increase with increased gun ownership nor did it decline with decreased gun ownership. Firearms closely correlate with car ownersh ip than firearms ownership in England and Swaziland. desire demographics, Geographics of gun ownership relate inversely to crime.Conclusion Concealed carry permits should be issued to those who qualify and be revoked when misused. This would also mean that people are not guaranteed permits and if permitted the state should have a right to withhold on matters of security concerns. Responsibilities do go with rights, and many people often conveniently bar that little tradeoff.Gun violence still remains unsolved because its unpredictable and uncontrollable.In line with Kate on the issue of if guns cause crime, the best currently available recount indicates that general gun availability has no measurable net positive effect on crime rates. Guns availability has many effects on violence increases or decreases with the effects largely canceling each other.References Al Marzouqi, A. (2007, October 30). The Badger Herald. Retrieved 20th July 2008 from http//badgerherald.com/oped/2007/10/ 30/happiness_is_a_warm_.phpHuman Rights Watch (HRW). (2006). Juvenile Crime Rates Retrieved 20th July 2008 from http//hrw.org/reports/2005/us0205/4.htmJoyner, J. (2004, July 15). Virginia Gun Laws Outside the Beltway (OTB). Retrieved 20th July 2008 from http//www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/2004/07/virginia_gun_laws/Kates, D. (2002, July 22). Do Guns Cause Crime History revolutionarys Network. Retrieved 20th July 2008 from http//hnn.us/articles/871.htmlKopel, D. (1995). International Perspective on Gun Control New York Law School Journal. Retrieved 20th July 2008 from http//www.davekopel.com/2a/LawRev/lrnylstk.htmLott, J. (2000). More Guns, Less Crime Understanding Crime and Gun control university of Chicago.

Effects of Mass Media Essay

QuestionsWhat were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th blow? One of the major developments in the 20th atomic number 6 had to be the revolution of the internet. With having media that would be presented at the time in which it happened, gave the American people to a greater extent informative information. While many intelligence agency sources chose what information was devoted to us, the internet gave us the ability to see firsthand what was happening not solo in America but in other Countries. Having the ability to opt what we would want to research, be it war, history etc. the 20th century made that possible for us. As it was back in the 50s there were only 4 major news sources, and they all came to agree with what would be seen on the television in regards to news, etc. With the ability of instant messaging, it not only gave us the instant access of what may be happening, it gave us the ability to contract it ourselves. Having the ability to watch different media sources on the internet, gives us the opportunity to uncover things that may not have been given to us through the mass media. There are many documentaries that are available to us, and being able to shape more information on a surmount that we feel is important is easily at bug out fingertips. Mass media has forever changed the way in which we learn, develop, and research. We have changed so much that our younger generations only know this way in which to communicate. Having so much information available has given a whole new subject matter to what we watch on television to how we communicate to family that is not near. How did each development influence American culture?AnswersWith the developments of mass media it has given us many opportunities to find out information on many subjects that we may not have been able to find out so recently. As, it was back in the 50s through the 80s mass media was what we heard on the evening news or read in the news papers now it is at our fingertips, and we are able to find out just about anything as it happens.With the development of mass media, we can now instantly chat with someone that may be on the other array of the world. With the ability to Skype and instant message, we can share information and though it is not as personal it is the new way to communicate. Today, the news broadcasts have changed, with the major news groups still deciding what will be on a broadcast we have the ability to find out more information on the subject at hand. There are many websites that have more information available to us that we can choose what we watch. Many people feel that they exigency to share more of the news medias information which in turn gives us the ability to research a subject on our own and find what we may feel is the truth. Mass media has changed so many things, in the last century that knowing where it may end up in another century is the question. Being well informed is something tha t the mass media has given us, and using it to help with questions or information is now what can be expected.

How successfully does tourist industry in the Canaries add value? Essay

How successfully does tourist industry in the Canaries add value? To what extent is Maslows hierarchy is applied to put on a motion staff in Souvenir Palace?Souvenir Palace, a retail outlet corporation started in the course of instruction 1991 by Jose Ignacio. They are specialist sellers in Souvenirs. A spark from that, they nourish also started to sell cigarettes, tobacco and electronics. This decision was taken a couple of long time back when the company was making success in the market by opening their shop no. 5 in the last 12 months. Now, they have more than 200 employees working in the company over different 40 department stores throughout the island of Gran Canaria which is situated in Spain. Now in the future they are intellection of selling perfumes as well. adept of the retail outlets of the Souvenir Palace company.The key factor behind the companys success has been the huge amount of touristry industry that is located on the island. This been a huge fact on the su ccess of the record sale of the year that the company made (1.6 million 250 million pesetas)1 in the year 2000. Not only, tourism has helped the company grow, the motivation strategies applied by Mr. Jose Ignacio has also helped them to gain a major market share than of their competitors. This competitive advantage of years has given them a good brand image because of their excellent service and relationship with customers.A major fact that approves that tourism has helped the company to grow is that ahead the September 11 attacks, many people used to travel and come to this beautiful island. That was the time when the record gross revenue were made. After the September 11 attacks, sales have fallen dramatically.2 They have had a 40% decrease since then.3 This has really affected them, which has destroyed their future plan of selling perfumes. Now they are bring forwarding of applying another(prenominal) strategies of improving their sales and improving their performance like t hey had before the September 11 attacks.Tourism was growing from the year 1995 till 2001, suddenly when those attacks occurred and thither was a major decline in the tourism industry. This has affected the whole world. However, the company is still doing well, as Mr. Jose Ignacio tries to motivate their employees. Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in Maslows hierarchy of need. He thinks that by referring to Maslows theory, you burn motivate the employees better. First of all, he tries to provide them with the basic needs such as food and shelter.Then, he thinks of the further stages on the Maslows hierarchy of needs. These are Security needs. He does this by providing them with permanent contracts, giving a good, friendly and healthy working condition. Then he would think of Esteem needs. This is done by team working, as this would help all of the employees become good colleagues having good relationship which could result to both, formal and informal talk within the company. Finally, he would decide to go for the self-actualisation, this means that he gives his employees higher responsibility than they normally have and to praise them for their job well done as they could feel good and also that the company needs them and they are a part of their organisation.However, there are limitations for promoting employees. These limitations are that not many people can be promoted, because the company doesnt need so many higher levels of staff, so not many people can be promoted. Also, not oftentimes responsibility could be given to any employee, because each employee has only a particular task.We can also tell that the company is doing truly well by making some simple comparisons between the different companies on the island. Reports show that souvenir Palace has done far better and kept ahead of the game.4 One way to show this is that they have kept expanding their business while others have been the same. Moreover, comparisons of balance sheets have been made by many business analysts on the island who have prepared their reports for the public interest.The other principal(prenominal) factor that has been the key for the company has been the motivation strategies that have been applied by the CEO, Mr. Jose Ignacio. In the interview, he told me that, It has been five years now that I have been using the democratic leadership style, which has helped me to come close to my employees and to know them better5 Surely, this would help the employee to enjoy their stay at this company better. Another type of motivation strategy they he applies are giving the employees fringe benefits. These fringe benefits could be discounts on the companys products, other non-monetary rewards such as small free products that are promoted by other companies for their sales, etc.Pay is not the only way to motivate the employees. One of the main ways in order to motivate the employees is just by praising them or by recognizing them for a job well done.6 This can make any employee feel better. Moreover, he has given his employees a job security by giving them permanent contracts. This means that employees know that they have a secured job. This is really important because short term contracts dominate the employment market on the Canary Isles as the local newspaper says Contratos a corto plazo es la subject de desempleo en nuestras islas.7Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in the Maslows hierarchy of needs. This hierarchy tells us that employees dont get satisfied neither by the basic needs of food and shelter nor by the security needs. They need to reach to their full potential, which is the self-actualisation. To do this one should delegate more responsibilities to their managers. This makes the managers feel that they are a part of the company and the company needs them. They will also feel that Mr. Jose Ignacio believes in them. This good belief in each other could help to build a strong relationship between the staff at the company.In conclusion, I thi nk that the key factors behind the companys success have been the tourism in the island of Gran Canaria as well as the motivation strategies applied by Mr. Jose Ignacio. However, I think that the motivation factor dominates more than the tourism factor. This has been very noticeable after Mr. Jose Ignacio applied the Maslows hierarchy of needs.1 Taken from the companys balance sheets.2 Taken from names of the magazine Newsweek.3 do from the comparisons of the companys annual balance sheets.4 Reports from the business analysts on the island.5 Taken from the interview with Mr. Jose Ignacio.6 Taken from the interview with Mr. Jose Ignacio.7 From an article in the local newspaper, La Provincia.

Essay On The Jacket Article

In my opinion, the diadem Sotto continuously mentions is more than an article of clothing to him feel it signifies a life of poverty. He hates the green crownwork his mother bought him and blames his mother for her bad taste in clothes. He describes the jacket as big and ugly and wishes it belonged to his siblings alternatively of him. He defines his cool leather dream jacket to his mother but he never gets it Sotto becomes aggravated with his mothers cheap ways because he knows it will be a long time before he can get a new jacket. As much as he despises the jacket, he give thanks his mother and wears it to please err.The first day Sotto wears the jacket to play in his backyard his dog tears the jacket in the sleeve, he becomes upset with his dog when he tries to do it again. He wears the jacket to school and immediately gets teased by his schoolmates and teachers. Sotto continues to wear the green jacket for 3 years to school and is convinced the jacket is bad luck. For those 3 y ears he blamed his green jacket for his years of disappointments like his low grades on exams, being bullied by boys, and never having a girlfriend. He blamed his mother for purchasing ugly clothes because they were low-priced.He ends up losing his friends and starts to hanging out with the ugly guys. He is embarrassed and ashamed of his appearance he allows a piece of clothing to define him. Sotto thinks of getting rid of the jacket many times, but doesnt since he knows he will have no jacket for the cold weather or any money to buy a new one. He outgrows the jacket and has no choice but to wear the haggard and torn green jacket because his mother will not buy a new one. I believe Sotto just wanted to fit in and impress his peers at the same time he did not want to seem ungrateful to his mother.

Drivers of Globalization Essay

Having listened to distinguished luminaries such as Prof Ishwar Dayal there is hardly very frequently I can add or contribute to the preaching initiated this morning. But as a student of frugals I know that I should stick to my comparative advantage. What I therefore indicate to do this afternoon is to spell out what I consider atomic number 18 the main Drivers of Globalization . I would then argue that unless we understand those Drivers of Globalization we cannot discombobulate a bun in the oven a attend of what the theaters or business individu ally and collectively argon passage to look like in the future. Having go ine that , we delve into the realm of the changes in the the extract of the firm which will come to the fore in the light of this globalization. We should then discuss as to what will be the challenges facing the management of firms in this globalized economy. Once we have grappled with these configurations we should be in a better position to sketch out the contours of management Education required in the future globalized world.This is the analytical framework I propose for our discussion this afternoon. It is not very meaningful to start the conversation more than(prenominal) or less Management Education without reference to the management challenges that the firms and businesses operating in the globalized economy would be faced with in the future. Management Education then responds to those needs and requirements and equips its graduates in meeting those challenges . I will start the ball rolling by dwell upon the Drivers of Globalization.I would submit that there are many competing theories and several hypotheses about the shape and form of globalization. There is no consensus at intellectual level about the impact of globalization. Some consider it as an evil that will create more misery for the weaker nations, fragile states and disadvant olden populations as well endowed nations, unafraid economies and large populous s tates pre-empt most of the benefits for themselves. Others feel that the dissipation of boundaries, dismantling of barriers and disappearances of b aims would spread these benefits to majority of the people in all parts of the world. But at least(prenominal) one thing is quite obvious. We would face a lot of uncertainty during the course of coming decades. The recent pecuniary crisis we witnessed in 2008-2009 has imbiben all of us by surprise. There were hardly any tremors felt before the financial tsunami engulfed all of us in its spate.Nobody had predicted the speed, intensity and extent of damage that came on with this crisis. So what is certain is that the world is issue to be saddled with uncertainty, with unknowns, with imponderables, with unanticipated events which despite our best ability and foresight we are not able to predict. Its going to be a messy world, it is going to be a totally uncertain world and therefore the kind of firm which would survive under those dow ry would be one which is agile, nimble and quick in its response to the ever changing dynamic situation of the globe . The quest for fixed points, base lines, benchmarks and milestones would fold to be futile. Management Education should produce managers who are able to think on their feet and are able to exercise critical analytical ability to influence problem in face of incomplete information . Those who remain wedded to the practice of drawing conclusions about the future from their past experiences are most credibly to get it wrong.In my view as I see it at present there are at least 6 Drivers of Globalization . I do not rule out the possibility that all of us can have our own set of Drivers of Globalization . But at least these are the Drivers of Globalization which I see as formidable in today s world but they may change tomorrow or we may subtract or add to this list.1. The first and the most important- there is a huge Demographic Transition which has already started but is going to intensify in the neighboring four or five decades. . Most of the atomic number 63an countries , Japan and United States are going to have a higher proportion of aged population compared to the younger population and the Dependency ratio will rise. These countries will face labor shortages if they do not allow immigration into their countries. china is going to enter that phase a little later which is 2050 onwards. The only region where the proportion of the younger population is actually rising and will continue to have an upward trend is the South Asia region. This is something which the policy nonplusrs in this region have to expect cognizance of and prepare their respective national labour forces for taking everywhere as work force of the globe. The more skilled our labor force is , the better off we will be in capturing a large apportion in the Global job market. So this demographic transition can become a huge premium, a plus, a potential for higher economic development for South Asia Region.And if we govern our act together today then the chances for this generation of younger students present at the conference will be much brighter than it was for our generation or our parents in South Asia. So, this is clearly a positive factor, but this can also turn into a night mare, a gross(a) scenario . The sheer thought of seven million new jobs to be created in India annually to absorb the new entrants to the labor force is simply overwhelming. This poses a painful challenge for the policy makers and the businesses. So, if we do it wrong that is if we produce wrong kind of manpower ill equipped or unskilled or poorly teach , uneducated and illiterate then we are going to face rising unemployment, high inequalities and a social upheaval. The choice clearly rests with us but more important is the urgency of action .2. Second there is an explicit and projected shift in balance of economic power. If we look at all the projections it shows that mainland China is going to overtake United States. It has already overtaken Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. When will this happen? Some people say, 2025, some others put it 2020 or anywhere in between China will become the worlds largest angiotensin converting enzyme economy. China is already worlds largest single exporting nation .Most scholars and analysts have termed the 21st century as Asian Century and so the balance of economic power is going to migrate from Japan, Europe and the United States towards Asia and the gravel which is actually helping the Asian countries is the intra regional trade. In place of the traditional production processes we are witnessing a new phenomenon of value mountain chain .It starts with the components, raw material and parts coming from different parts of Asia on the basis of their quality and competitive pricing and ending up in China in form of final assembled beloveds. So although it is true that the origin of the good is recorded as from China there are many countries which are the beneficiaries and inwardly these countries a growing number of firms which are participating in this process . So, vertical Integration is no longer a viable business model as far production is concerned. On the other side , India is becoming the centre not only for IT Services but if we look in the cobblers last few years we can see R&D centers in Pharmaceutical Industry, financial services industry locating in India because of the kind of handy manpower which is available here.It is efficient, is high quality, but is cheaper. Those are the advantages that are making India the preferred location for Services industry.. So the goods are being manufactured in the worlds factory which is China and the services are coming more and more in the lap of India. These two are going to emerge as the economic powers in the next thirty to forty years at the expense of other OECD countries or the developed countries . The gr owth rate in most developed countries is hardly averaging 2 to 3% per annum while in addition to China, India, countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand are all growing in the lam of 7 to 10 %. So the differential growth rate is going to make a difference as far as the shift in the economic power is concerned.3. The third driver is the speed of engineering dissemination and assimilation . It is so rapid that it does not really bind itself to any bad-tempered geographical boundaries or territory. It is pan global. The internet , the software applications, the rising connectivity , the spread of mobile phones in developing countries and more user friendly technologies like the front engines have enabled us to access , assimilate and apply new friendship and techniques without leaving our shores and incurring any additional expenses. Knowledge is a public good with a characteristic that the more it is utilized the better off the society is. World Wide Web and Search engines have allowed us to tap into information bases such as Google Scholars and we can find out all the scholarly academic knowledge about a particular sub-discipline of a larger discipline. technological tools have allowed knowledge to be at the finger tips of both the students and the teachers as well as the practitioners in all parts of the world and the speed of distribution is going to be further accelerated. The talk about Digital Divide is pass. Therefore, the differential among nations and among countries based on comparative advantage in technology is probably to disappear, and there will be a seamless boundary as far as spread of technology is concerned. And those countries which are able to take advantage of these seamless boundaries would be able to do much better than other countries.4. Related to this is the fourth point i.e. the explosion in information. Younger students who are studying business administration would find that five years from now all that they ha ve learned in their classes, books, reading materials would be outdated. The obsolescence of human knowledge is now going to be as strong as obsolescence of machinery. The machinery-we can lubricate it, we can replace a part, we can change certain processes and make it functional, we can upgrade the machinery. But the up-gradation of human minds requires very complex dynamics. And the human being himself has to be in the driving seat. If the human being, himself or herself is not interested in continuous learning, lifelong education and up-gradation of knowledge the chances are that individual is going to be obsolete and unemployable and that will be a deadweight firing as far as the economy is concerned.And now, how do we incentivize, motivate these individuals to invest in the lifelong continuous learning is a major issue that all of us have to come to grips with. Assessing quality of initial degree and education for purpose of recruitment to the labor force will no longer be th e principal preoccupation for HR professionals but recharging the intellectual batteries of their employees over life cycle of professional career will be . It will not be so easy, it is a very complex phenomenon , and extremely difficult to operationalize. We know how to fix a machine even the most sophisticated ones. With human beings, it is next to impossible to fix human mind sets the same way. So this challenge of information explosion and its sifting and transfer to the human minds for the benefit of the firm or the enterprise is going to face us starkly in the future.5. Fifth, the world is becoming quite conscious of social and environmental value. The headquarters of worlds largest fast moving consumer goods industry Unilever, was besieged by Green Peace volunteers. The reason Unilever was buying its palm oil from Indonesia, where they had carried out deforestation in order to plant oil palm. This created a huge hue and cry worldwide and Unilever had to pledge itself that i t would no longer purchase any supplies originating from deforested areas. It also subscribed to the unravel against deforestation. There are other examples where Nike was stopped to pull out of a country because the shoes were being fabricated by child labor. So the values of environmental sustainability and social responsibility are going to emerge in a globalized economy much sharper.Narmada Dam movement in India was precursor for a new thinking about human resettlement. At that time the forces of globalization were not as strong as today but the awareness which was created by the civil society of India reverberated throughout the world. A powerful institution like the World Bank had to abandon the financing of Narmada Dam, because of the issues of resettlement and displacement of human beings foment and brought in forefront by the Civil society organizations . Imagine, if there was even a proposal for a dam much smaller than Narmada Dam today how quickly the world community wo uld actually react. Therefore, the adoption of ethical, social and environmental values will have to be integrated to make a more viable business model . Simply, maximizing short term profit maximization for shareholders would no longer be acceptable. Environmental sustainability and Social responsibility have also to be taken into account not just profitability. So this is something which we have to integrate in our thinking in the business schools and in the state of the firms.6. And finally we have seen immense financial integrating. We have seen consequence of financial integration in form of 2008-2009 crisis. Even countries like India, Pakistan and China which are not so strongly linked with international financial system , had pursued cautious liberalization and kept Capital Account not totally devote were hit by the contagion effect of the crisis which originated in the US. . China and India recovered quite quickly because their economies are quiet resilient. But the fact r emains the toll both on the real economy, as well as the human cost of social sufferings are going to be quite large because of financial markets not behaving in some parts of the world.And look at what is happening today. US Fed Reserve is following a very loose financial policy Quantitative easing (QE) and who is suffering as a result of this policy? Countries such as Brazil and India are faced with capital inflows. If they dont sterilize these capital flows, then they are faced with competitiveness issue. If they sterilize them they have an expansion in money supply causing an inflationary pressure on the economy. So emerging economies with sound economic management are in worst of both the worlds. Therefore how to handle the financial integration and financial markets will require a lot of ingenuity on the part of national economic managers.Let me conclude by submitting that any scenario analysis, which we do, has to take into account the fact that the world ahead is going to be more uncertain. There will be lot of unintended consequences of policies not made in the country but originating from outside the country. Our capacity to react at the national level to global events , the firms capacity to respond and the managers ability to handle are likely to be the critical success factors. That is what we should be educating our younger management graduates in the future.

To Use or Not to Use Singlish “Aiyah! so Headache!”

Victoria University of Wellington School of Linguistics and Applied Languages Studies WRIT one hundred one Writing position Assignment 2 Persuasion Due Date 20 September 2004 chassis of Student Chor Teck Daryl Toy To handling or Not To Use Singlish Aiyah So Headache + In modern years, there has been much concern on how Singaporeans ingestion side of meat. period some consider Singapore informal incline or Singlish as an undeniable part of world a Singaporean, others including the Government, deem it inferior, even sentence it, and support the enforce of Singapore streamer English almost relentlessly (Tan 2002).I shall attempt to address the side by side(p) question, Should Singlish be accepted and utilise or be abandoned? I believe we need to put on both Singlish and banner English in order to be effective life-long communicators. We shall look into this argument in the context of education, the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code- thrusting, an d the role of teachers in guiding students in the nomenclature acquisition process. Firstly, permit us look at the development of English that eventually led to this language controversy in Singapore.English is one of the four official languages recognised in Singapore. It is the language medium used in education, in administration, and in the workforce, and is often used at home nowadays, along with the other get under ones skin tongues. Some, especially the younger families, have adopted English as their first language. Out of this multi-lingual background comes Singlish, which blends English with the other local anaesthetic languages, accents, dialects and slang. Singlish is used in informal ccasions, especially among children, adolescents, and the less-educated. If we were to spend some time mingling with Singaporeans and listening to the federal agency we converse with each other, we may catch colloquial phrases like, Why you so like dat? Eeee You so kiasu one Dun play- play with me Do your work lah Such familiar ground burn alike be detected in local television programmes, like Under One Roof and Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd, and in local films, like Army Daze, Money No Enough and I Not Stupid.Indeed, Singlish has become an drumhead Singaporean icon, which I think, our friends from other countries can use to identify and discriminate who we be from other Asians While Singlish is widely used in Singapore, it is often treated with disgust, even disdain and aversion, especially by the highly-educated and language-purity advocates. Singlish is viewed as an embarrassing reflection of Singaporeans being uncouth and uneducated, as contrast with Standard English. As author Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong once commented, Poor English reflects badly on us and makes us reckon less intelligent or competent. (Tan 2002) As Singlish is seen as poor English, attempts, such as the government-supported let loose Good English Movement, are set to propagate the prop er use of the language among Singaporeans, primarily through and through the education system. Despite the various efforts made in condemning and even banning the use of Singlish in Singapore, there is no denying that using this locally-conceived language is very much a part of being a true-blue Singaporean. We use it in our daily lives with our families, friends and even at work in our conversations.Linguists have noted that most children in Singapore would consume Singlish first from their homes or in kindergartens, rather than Standard English (Gupta 2001, Deterding 1998). In some studies conducted on language acquisition, it is observed that adults used the small-scale variety of a language to transcend with their children, who in turn use it to communicate with their peers (Ferguson 1959). In accordance to the language phenomenon of diglossia, it is argued that children would acquire language initially through its non-standard, colloquial, low variety, before go throughing its standard high variety through formal education.In line with the view mentioned above, some might feel that a little dose of Singlish used sometimes in the formal language acquisition process can attention relax the already tense and stressful study atmosphere. Surely it would provide some lighter and humorous moments to the classroom. During my teaching save in the primary school, I remember that my students would listen amusingly to my teaching, and appreciate my efforts in explaining complex terms with some occasional lahs and lehs.Students, especially those yet to be competent enough to communicate in English, would notice it easier to use a bit of Singlish to speak up in class at the initial constitute of their learning. After all, dont most students sometimes find it daunting to use the language they are learning, with an almost gripping fear of being ridiculed for their errors? Surely they would choose to approach the language through its low variety first, before work ing their way towards the high.Allowing them to use Singlish as a basis might help to create a safe environment for our students to eventually acquire Standard English in their language learning experience. However, as an English language teacher, I do advocate the need to use Standard English as part of our linguistic repertory, since it is the language of administration, economy, and communication in Singapore, and a channel to communicate with other countries. As teachers, while we teach Standard English with its different genre, conventions, functions and its importance, we should gradually encourage our students to use the language in their lives.Nevertheless, we should bear in mind in our teaching our students linguistic background, which includes Singlish. Therefore, I elicit that we should use the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code-switching in the language teaching and learning process. We, as parents and teachers, want our children and students to learn t o communicate effectively as they grow. Therefore, we should teach them to identify and realise for themselves the different domains in which they have to switch between using Singlish and Standard English.We can do so through the means of modelling, conducting observations and discussions, to help them to differentiate the occasions for using Standard English or Singlish, and the various reasons for switching between these two varieties of language. For example, we use Standard English in answering questions, in writing, in presentations, and in sitting for examinations or tests, so as to get good grades as the examiners are able to comprehend what we present in our answers, and be convinced of our competency in acquiring the standard language. We also use Standard English as an essential tool to learn more about the world we live in.However, we use Singlish instead, when conversing with our family members and friends, ordering regimen from hawkers, and especially when idly chatti ng among ourselves. We would be seen as being snooty or distant if Standard English is used for these informal occasions. Using Singlish is also a way to make us feel at home with other Singaporeans, both local and overseas. In making such references to their prior knowledge and dependable life experiences, we help our students to realise how to switch between Singlish and Standard English according to the different domains.Thus, students can learn to be effective language-variety-switchers, and in turn feel proud of their Singaporean linguistic repertoire (Deterding 1998). To conclude, while we acknowledge the popular use of Singlish among our students and Singaporeans, the use of Standard English should be strongly advocated as well. Singaporeans must realise the importance of learning Standard English, so as to be able to go our language repertoire confidently as effective life-long communicators.Indeed, the mastery of Standard English, together with the use of Singlish and our mother tongues, should imbue in us a sense of pride for our unique Singaporean language heritage. To Use or Not To Use Singlish Aiyah Headache so much for wat? Use BOTH Singlish and Standard English lor Word Count 1225 words References Deterding, David 1998. Approaches to Diglossia in the Classroom The Middle Way. REACT 2 (November), 18-23. Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. Diglossia. In dell Hymes (ed. ) 1964. Language in Culture and Society. NY Harcourt. 429 439. Holmes, Janet 2001. (2nd ed. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London Longman. 27 34. Expat Singapore Pte. Ltd. Language Singlish http//www. expatsingapore. com/general/language. htm (13 border 2001) Gupta, Anthea Fraser 2001. Linguistic Ecology of Singapore. Paper given at GNEL/MAVEN Conference The Cultural Politics of English as a World Language Freiburg, 6-9 June. Gupta, Anthea Fraser. Language Varieties Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) http//www. une. edu. au/langnet/singlish. htm (8 April 2004) Tan, Hwee H wee 2002. A War of Words Over Singlish, TIME Asia 160 (29 July), 3

Business Plan – Convenience Store

Business Plan blokes A cozy Store that designed for your necessarily pic Business Plan by Lydia Chan CONTENTSpic 1. Executive Summary chaps is a convenience cut in specialized in servicing insouciant needs of occupants of the office create where it is primed(p). It passs variety of carrefours to satisfy customers cursory needs including snacks, pre-wrapped sandwiches, bottle/canned beverages, stationery, greeting cards, novelspapers, paperback books and small gift items. The showtime gallants Store was set up in 2007, a 1,000 squargon feet memory located in the manor hall of Empire Centre in Kennedy commercial district.This retentivity is solely owned and managed by Lydia Chan. With fully cerebrate and correct product line scheme, companions been able to get break-even in the eleventh month, and reaches to an annual revenue to US$300,000 last year. It has thrivingly built up an image of a convenience bloodline that is neighborly and customized to the occupants of the Empire Centre and the neighborhood expressions. With the proven success of the first gallants Store, Lydia is fully positive(p) to expand the business by blusteringing a stand by store with identical business strategy. The profound to success is to find a nonher perfect position.The golden opportunity is now appearing, on that point is a new office building, Sky mainstay, get out be opened by end of this year. Sky Tower is ripe two blocks away from Empire Centre. Besides the usefulness of mild management derived from the close by location of the two stores, to make this location perfect for swains is that Sky Tower is an A hit eighty-storey office building which create huge number of potential customers for fashion plates. 1. Mission The Mission of Busters is to furnish friendly service and thoroughly prime(prenominal) of products to occupants of the buildings.Good mix of variety product items be perfectly meet customers needs in their daily work lives. 2. Objectives 1. To make Busters the preferred convenience store for the occupants of the building where it is situated and the neighborhood. 2. To break-even by the end of the first year. 3. To achieve a net profit of 5% by year iii. 3. Keys to Success 1. Establish an image that Busters is their convenience store for the customers. 2. To turn over inventorying an average of 15 20 times per year. 3. To provide friendly service and premium quality products. 2. Company SummaryThe first Busters store is owned and operated by the founder, Lydia Chan, in Sole Proprietorship. The concept of this new venture is a convenience store that specially services occupants of the office building where it is situated. The first store was set up in 2007 located in Empire Centre in Jordan district. It is a 1,000 squargon feet store in the vestibule with 2 full time employees. In 2009, annual revenue of this store is US$300,000. With the earned capital and experiences from the first store, Lydia belie ves it is the mature time to expand her business by establishing a second store.In order to settle the financial and professional background, the second store bequeath be in partnership set up. 1. ownership The new Busters store is privately owned corporation in partnership basis. Lydia Chan owns 75% of the second store. She leave work full-time in the store in the first year to batten smooth day to day action. In the second year and onwards she leave be fractional day in the first store and half day in the second one. Carmen Chan owns 25% of the second store. Carmen is the elder sister of Lydia, she is a chartered accountant in Hong Kong Bank.She result provide financial advice and admirer for Busters. 2. Employees Base on the experience of the first store, we anticipate two employees argon sufficient for the daily operational need. There atomic number 18 two full-time shop assistants in the first Busters store, Christine and Mina. Christine, high indoctrinate graduated , joined Busters since it was launched in 2007. Her experiences in nurturing infancy Busters and daily operation atomic number 18 valuable to the second store. She leave aloneing be promoted as shop supervisor and transfer to the new store.Christine forget be responsible to coach and mentor the early(a) new hired shop assistant, service customers, keep tract inventory/ successor and report customers comments/complaints to Lydia for ensuring corrective action be taken. We will hire a nonher shop assistant to work together with Christine. Criteria ar High school graduate with 1-2 years retailing sales experience. 3. Financials 1. Start-up Finance Summary Anticipated start-up cost of the new store is US$200,000. The main cost of start-up will be inventory.It is estimated that the initial inventory purchase will be $100,000. In addition, $30,000 will have to be spent on fixtures and fittings for the store. Since it is a brand new building, there will be no maintenance mandatory before move-in. Funding will be number from the combination of the two owners from their own savings. Lydia Chan (75% ownership) contributes US$150,000 Carmen Chan (25% ownership) contribute US$50,000 2. Start-up Cost Summary This table shows a summary of start-up cost and expenses pic 3. 3 Anticipated Revenue and Operating Cost for the First Year pic 3. 4 Pro-forma cash flow projection for the first year of operation pic 5. Break even Analysis The interest chart and table show the break-even analysis for Busters pic pic 3. 6 Anticipated return on investment in the first trinity Years The following table provides the anticipated return on investment from the perspective of three years into the revenue pic 4. Marketing / rough-cut revenue 1. Summary of Marketing and Sales Strategy Busters new store will be situated in the lobby of Sky Tower, a new office building in a concentrated commercial atomic number 18a, Kennedy District.Busters get wind customers be occupants of Sky To wer. According to the information from the Building Management office, 80% of the total vacant units were undertake out and under interior fixtures and fittings stage. These companies will be moving in within two to three months which will secure customers flow when Busters is launched. 4. 2 Market Segmentation Occupants of the building are owners and employees of medium to sizable international corporations. They can be divided into 3 market segments A) Aged 25 39 Male They require speedy service, just pick and pay.Half of them are wealthy Yuppies in carriageial take aim, they do non mind to pay a little higher for the convenience and good quality. They are busy in work and social life, our fresh pre-wrapped sandwiches, popular bottled beverages and high end trade snacks will suit their needs. B) Aged 22 35 Female Same phenomenon as other(a) gold cities, all ladies are keen to slim down their bodies and are cautious in selecting food. It is more lucid for this age group of ladies. They always search for healthy food and snacks.On every category of food, Busters will have a special tree for healthy food with notes on shelves for their easy perusal. Healthy food including vegetarian brown bread pre-wrapped sandwiches, low calories snacks, herbal tea and fruit juice types of bottled beverages and and so on These ladies may be secretaries or work in the administrative departments who are responsible to purchase stationeries for the offices. They will naturally select Busters for convenience while they are purchasing their own personalised needs. This is a critical customers group for Busters.C) Miscellaneous This includes the middle-aged group, outsiders/visitors and etc that they have varied or capricious buying pattern. Continuous analysis of this group is required in a quarterly basis when Busters store is launched to ensure our service and products intersect their needs. 3. Product Strategy Busters emphases are on friendly service and good qu ality of products that fit the requirements of pack in their workplace. We do not just follow what merchandising in super markets or claimd convenience stores. We focal pointing on customization.The following listed are the key categories for Busters. A) Pre-wrapped sandwiches Homemade sandwiches with 4 different choices of fillings egg and ham, beef, chicken breast and respective(a) vegetables. These are basic pre-wrapped sandwiches. In addition, we likewise provide small individual packed fillings such as chess, tomato, cucumber and eggs as supplements, so customers can design and make their own sandwiches in their offices. This will satisfied customers who are looking for variety of choices but without burdening our inventory. B) Bottled/Canned beveragesThe most popular bottled/canned beverages are in stock(predicate) in Busters which including soft drinks, coffee, tea and milk. We also provide healthy drinks such as herbal tea, flower flavored tea, juice, Soya bean mil k, flavored mineral water, and etc. C) Snacks Popular branded snacks of chips, chocolates, candies and gums are must items in the shelves. To take care of the needs for customers who are pursuing for healthy life, special filling of snacks such as sun-dried fruits, organic food, low calories/calcium crackers, sugar free candies/gums are also available in our Healthy Corner.D) Stationery and Greeting Cards To take care of the sharp or urgent needs of the office people, we will provide certain basic items of stationery and greeting cards but to cautiously control this category of goods occupying not exceed 10% of total unwrap/shelf space. E) Gifts Small gifts can also be found in Busters. Regular items are gift sets of premium chocolates and tea bags which are appropriate round the year and for all occasions. Buster will display specialty gifts in front desk for festivals like New Year, Valentines day, Easter, Halloween, Christmas and etc.The specialty gift sets to go both purpose s of stimulating sales and decorating the store to lift up spirits. F) Newspapers & Magazine The top five beat out selling newspapers are available in Busters. 6 8 different categories of magazines about fashions, accessories, entertainment, computers, automobiles to cover varied customers desires. 4. Pricing Strategy As mentioned in the product strategy section, most of the categories are not common products as other convenience stores because Busters emphasis is on premium quality food and drinks.She is comparatively not facing harsh outlay comparison as other franchise convenience stores for different target customers. Busters customers, occupants of Sky Tower, mainly are yuppies and office ladies, who are willing to pay a little more for convenience and better quality. Therefore, Busters price ranges for key products are ? Pre-wrapped sandwiches US$4. 0 US$5. 5. ? Premium quality and healthy snacks US$2. 5 US$7. 0 ? Canned/bottled beverages US1. 2 US$3. 0 ? Common product s that are also available in other convenience stores 5 to 10 percent higher than them.Target is to reach gross margin (sales deduct cost of goods) at 37. 5 38% 4. 5 Promotion Strategy Busters customer sensual is concentrated and close-by, they will pass by the store everyday when they go to work. Location is our best promotion tool. Occupants of Sky Tower will know the existence of Buster, so our focus of promotion is to attract them to stop by Busters and to experience the difference with other ordinary convenience stores. They will be impressed by our friendly service, wide ranges and unique food and beverages. line will be our largest promoter. A) Flyers Flyers, an efficacious and inexpensive way to notify people in Sky Tower and neighborhood buildings that their store Busters is opening soon. Flyers will be passed around at the building entrance a week before grand opening. On face side of flyers is an attractive ornamentalist sketch of the Busters store (sketch is used t o be more attractive than photo or words), and on the reverse side is a list of product items that will be available in Busters. Distribution of flyers will be continuous after Busters is opened.Distribution espy will also be increased to cover the neighborhood buildings. B) Busters Card For initial purchase exceeding US$10, a Busters Card will be provided with a Busters logo stamp on it. Each $10 purchase onwards will earn a stamp. When accumulated to 5 stamps, a free gift will be given. This is effective to stimulate customers to buy more, or to request their colleagues to consolidate the purchase (Word-of-mouth advertising). Gifts are selected products from the store such as snack, stationery, chocolate, etc and will be changed each month to maintain freshness of the game. . 6 Competition Despite of having the matched edge of location, we anticipate Busters will face disputation from 2 areas. A) Convenience Stores This competition will be from national franchises such as 7-11 and Circle K. They have established extensive net profit of chain stores and are well-known to Hong Kong people. People are almost pass by two to three these convenience stores in their everyday life. Due to consolidation of bulk purchase, these franchises obtain strong bargaining situation with suppliers for both costs of goods and payment terms.There is one 7-11 store located in the main street, 8 minutes walking distance from Sky Tower, and one Circle K in the opposite corner to 7-11. It is inevitably Sky Tower people will pass by these stores. Busters strategy in competing with these stores is not pricing but differentiation. ? Product flexibility Franchise convenience stores are selling standardized products regardless of demographic/geographic needs. Busters customer base is concentrated and focused. Products are selected according to their lifestyle, habits and preferences.We are also flexible and prompt to alter products items base on customers and sales feedbacks. ? ecce ntric and high quality food and beverages Busters target is to have 70% of product items not identical to those convenience stores. Our tasty homemade sandwich is a typical example while other stores are selling mass produced sandwiches. ? Customers relationship Busters customers are actually our neighbors that we are functional in the same building. This benefits us to build close relationship while other convenience stores focus on speedy in-and-out service. B) PlagiaristStart-up capital of lobby convenience store is comparatively lower than other main street retailing stores or franchise convenience stores. Low entrance barrier will attract people who want a start-up venture by copying the same concept as Busters. 5. Operation 1. Location of the business The new business venue of Busters will be located in the lobby floor of Sky Tower, a new office building in No. 23 Harbor Road, Kennedy District, Hong Kong. When Lydia, owner of the first Busters store, decided to open the secon d store, she had gone through serious research and calculation because location is essential to be successful and profitable.The following listed are factors why Sky Tower is the right place. ? Scale and income level of Customer base Sky Tower is an A-grade commercial building, tenants are mainly big corporations in business relating to international trading, banking and investment, insurance, chronicle and etc. Anticipated total occupants will be 3,000 to 4,000. Most of them are professionals and/or high income level employees. This creates a beneficial customer base for Busters. ? Close by location of the two Busters StoresSky Tower is just two blocks away from the first Busters store, this creates advantage for the owner to manage the two stores in the long run. In addition, the two stores can help each other if there is urgency for products that are out of stock. Staff can furnish the urgently needed goods to the other store within 10 minutes. ? Surroundings Sky Towers surroun ds are also commercial buildings, with some exclusive restaurants and casual cafe. No convenience store located in adjacent buildings, just two which are 8 to 10 minutes walking distance.All these neighbors are valuable and potential for Busters. 2. Operation of the business A) Hours of Operation The common working hours for offices (white collar) in Hong Kong is 900 AM to 600 PM, Monday to Friday, some work on Saturday 900 AM to 100 PM. For Busters, business hours is 800 AM to 730 PM Monday to Friday, 830 AM to 200 PM on Saturday. Opening at 800AM is to dispense breakfast for customers. Close at 730 PM is to take care of the needs for customers who are required for over-time works which is very common in Hong Kong.To ensure Busters employees are not exhausted by long working hours, operation will be in two-shift. The 2 employees work from 800 AM to 500 PM, and the shop manager (that is the owner) take the second shift from 1000AM to 730PM. B) Service Procedures Friendly service is Busters emphasis and promise to our customers. This must be clearly shared with employees that without their efforts, Busters will not get success. They are required to follow the below listed service procedures to ensure a cheerful shop experience to every customers. ? Greeting with grinningGreet every customer with a friendly smile who enters the shop. For familiar customers, chat with them to build-up an on-going relationship. ? Serve efficiently and effectively For customers who have clear decision on what to buy, serve them efficiently. For customers who are browsing, hesitating what to buy or unfamiliar with Busters products, staff must to offer help by providing advices/recommendations or a brief introduction of Busters products according to customers desires. Nevertheless, no hard sale, customers are still welcomed without purchase. ? InteractionWhen customers prepare to pay and leave, we must to say Thank you and bye-bye with eye-contact and friendly smile. This is the l ast process step and interaction with customers in a transaction, it is vital to leave a cheerful image in their mind which can be deep-rooted. C) Inventory management Effective inventory management is essential for Busters to maintain wide variety of product items in special(a) space. Ultimate goal is to maintain a minimal but adequate stock and make replenishment in a weekly or bi-weekly basis depend on products feature and turn-over.POS system will be employed to control in-and-out systematically and to minimize human error. Cashier will input interchange items automatically. Every end of the day, Christine ( divulges supervisor) to generate and check inventory status report and pass to Shop Manager for analysis and deciding which items needed to replenish. Christine is also responsible to input data everyday when suppliers deliver goods to ensure inventory record is up-to-date. 6. Legal Issues The following listed legal documents and evidences will be well active and to ensu re they are all completed and valid before the launch of Busters. Business license in partnership proprietor basis ? Busters trade mark registration ? occupancy Agreement with Sky Tower Property Management Office ? Employment contract with the two Busters employees ? Purchase Medical insurance for employees ? Business Insurance Legal Consultant will be hired to ensure accuracy of legal documents and coverage. 7. Challenges A) Sustainability of Busters competitive edge Location is Busters competitive edge as we are close to the concentrated customer base. This edge will be threatened if there are any new retail tores open in the surrounding areas, they can be hypermarket or new concept food stores that tempting Sky Tower people willing to sacrifice the convenience but to walk a little bit far to smack new shopping experience. B) Constantly excite customers Our customer base is young, high-income group they have strong purchasing power that leads them to have extensive options. They pursue for premium quality and trendy commodities. It is an on-going challenge for Busters to keep having products that excite customers. End

Primary Sourse

Erin Gaudette AP Prep History Block 2 uncomplicated Sources Governor Berkeley Reports, American Spirit, pages 33-34 (A2) LAST QUESTION & ANSWER ONLY (23) A Contract for Indentured Service, American Spirit, pages 62-63 (A1) A Servant Girl Pays the Wages of Sin, American Spirit, page 69 (A4) In the late 1600s Virginia was governed by Sir William Berkeley. In 1671, London asked Berkeley a series of questions including a question about the teachings of Christianity.He responded by saying, our ministers are tumefy paid, and by my consent should be better if they would pray more often and preach less. Governor Berkeley in any case believed that churlren ought to be taught religion by their parents. He said, But, I thank God, there are neither bring out schools nor printing, and I hope we shall non have these hundred historic period. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy. I dont stop with what Governor Berkeley believed. He contradicted his own beliefs. He talked about how he was against new ways of thinking or new ideas.He wanted everyone to believe in the Christian religion. If Berkeley wanted everyone to stay with traditional ideas, why would he have wanted individual families to teach religion? Wouldnt it be less likely to do clean-handed thinkers if one minister taught the children the religion instead of individual families? Berkeley wants to prevent any miscellanea of heresy, yet he is provoking it. Indentured servants were often lower class people in England who would give-up the ghost for a number of years and would then be set free.In return for their work they would be given free passage to America by their owner. In 1635 a list of requirements were written for the servant and owner to follow. The form included orders for the owner to provide the servant with food, drink, clothing, shelter, free passage to the new world, and after their years of work are over to provide them with corn for a year and 0 acres of land, In my opinion, I think this contract is pretty fair. The contract makes the indentured servants seem like employees for a job. The indentured servants arent organism forced to work they are making the ecision to. Also, in return for their work theyre being repaid by their owners. The contract seems to give both parties a reasonable payment which makes the contract fair. Although I stop with the methods and payments of indentured servants, I dont agree with the punishments whatsoever servants received. I do think some of the servants behaviors should be looked down upon, but I also think the punishment they faced was a atomic number 42 harsh. Charles City County Court in Virginia has a record that shows how harsh the punishments got.Elizabeth Hatcher owned servant Anne Parke. When Anne Parke had a child her years of work were doubled. Every indentured servant and their owner had a contract for the amount of years they worked. Therefore, when Anne Parkes contract was doubled, it was violating he r rights. I personally think the system created for indentured servants was fair, but since the agreement was not always followed it wasnt carried out equally. The system could have been successful if both the owners and servants had followed it properly.

Margaret Newman

For someone like Margaret unsandedman, nursing was not only a profession nevertheless a more of a calling. She knew, long before she stepped into formal nursing education, that nursing would become her flavors fulfillment. Prior to attaining formal nursing education, she became the primary caregiver to her mother who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dr. Newman took up a degree on nursing at the University of Tennessee, Memphis.In her stay in the University, she was intrigued with the human experience and the complexity of wellness and illness. This challenged her to greater heights in intellectual capacity and fueled her more to reach for higher take aims of education. after attaining a degree in Nursing, she then pursued a graduate direct degree and majored in medical-surgical nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. In her studies in California, she was honored with a masters degree in 1964.Before she resumed her graduate studies, she jointly s erved as the director of nursing in a clinical investigate center and also contri entirelyed in the academe as the assistant professor of nursing at the University of Tennessee.For the win(prenominal) ten years, Margaret Newman fur at that placed her look for for knowledge by pursuing further study in the graduate level and taking a doctorate level at 1971 (Margaret Newman A Nurse Theorist). She also taught from 1971 to 1977 at New York University.In 1977, she was appointed as the professor-in-charge of the graduate study for Nursing at Penn State. In addition, she assumed a position as a nurse theorist at the University of Minnesota in 1984. It was only in 1996 that she finally passed the torch and retired from education potential nurses.Dr. Margaret Newman has been honored as an outstanding alumnus by two the University of Tennessee and New York University and in addition, Dr. Newman is a Fellow in the Ameri buns Academy of Nursing.For her unrelenting pursuit for furthering t he nursing profession, the Distinguished Scholar in Nursing Award from New York University was bestowed upon her. Moreover, she was awarded the E. Louise Grant Award for Nursing righteousness from the University of Minnesota and the Founders Award for Excellence in Nursing Research from Sigma Theta Tau International.Dr. Newman has been included in Whos Who in American Women since 1983 and was appointed to Whos Who in America in 1996. Lastly, the Zeta Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau International established a intuition program named aptly for Margaret Newman, the Margaret Newman Scholar award to support doctoral students whose research contributes to Dr. Newmans theories (Professional biography of Margaret Newman).The health as Expanding ken (HEC) theory arose from the concern for people facing the debilitation, uncertainty, detriment or even redness of sustenance associated with chronic illness, which Nurses relate to.Moreover, HEC has emerged from a nursing paradigm based on th ree elements exposeicularly a one(a) or dynamic view, pattern that determines or identifies the full-lengthness and transformative unfolding as the turn of change (Health as Expanding Consciousness).The theory assumes that every person regardless of disorder is part of the universal abut of expanding consciousness a process of becoming more of oneself and of reaching new dimensions of being intertwined with other people. HEC incorporates affection as pattern of the whole and assumes that health is not separate from disease as compared to existing medical models. Nurses who enforce this kind of practice or mindset experience the how it is to participate in the expanding process enhancing lives and transforming them (Overview of the Theory).During her research, Dr. Newman find that long-sufferings that were confined in hospitals described time as dragging. This was confirmed by extant studies that indicated the degree of corporal mobility as well as state of health was rela ted to the perception of time quite than a more focused attention to ones health. There are four concepts, particularly movement, space, time and consciousness that supply an ample framework to view health. However Newman placed more weight and attention on consciousness, describing it as expanded consciousness (Engle, 1983).HEC is based on several existing theories that will be briefly explained the succeeding paragraphs. HEC stems from Rogers theory of unitary human beings.His human pattering assumptions and how they interact with the environment are the essential building blocks to the location that consciousness is a manifestation of an evolving pattern of inter put throughs between a person and the environment.Consciousness not only encapsulates cognitive and affective awareness that is normally associated with it but also how the entire living outline is interconnected with each other that can include physiochemical maintenance and growth processes as well as the immune sy stem. Rogers assertion that health and illness are related and are simply the manifestations of rhythmic fluctuations in life process is essentially the building block for seeing health and illness as a unitary processmoving through variations in order and disorder.With this in mind, a medical practitioner can no longer see health and illness in the dichotomous manner as incontrovertible by medical science, moreover health in the absence of disease or health as a continuum from illness to wellness. some(prenominal) the evolving pattern of consciousness and Health are the same.In order to effectively utilize this theory, one has to effectively change his/her paradigm in dealing with longanimouss/people. In order to see health as the pattern of the whole, one should understand that disease is not a separate entity but rather it is a manifestation of interactions between the person and the environment. The paradigm shift is moving away from merely treating symptoms but rather search ing for patterns and from viewing disease as negative and taking them as a part of the self-organizing process that would lead to a much higher state of consciousness.One of the theories financial backing HEC is David Bohms theory of existence as undivided wholeness. Bohms theory of reality states that disease is considered a manifestation of a whole of an underlying pattern and should be seen as a separate entity. HEC is a health and medical side that requires a non-pragmatic worldview. Wellness and illness are simply different points in a single detain of reality. Unless seen in a fragmentary point of view, they cannot and should not be separated from the whole.Another supporting theory is that of Both Gregory Bateson (1979) and Arthur Young (1976) that emphasized the job of learning how things work in a nurse-patient atmosphere, determine the new rules of use and medical assistance and to move on to a new level of being and understanding in this medical field/profession. It is the crux of situations in which nursing can assist people in their search for understanding of the evolving pattern of their lives. The nurse-client relationship facilitates this kind of transformation and discovery.People continually move through periods of consciousness involving the loss of freedom in the development of self-identity until the maximum point of discovery or transformation is reached. In this case, the things, methods or ideas that had previously been accepted dont work anymore.The task now is to learn the new rules, which the patient is enclosed. There is a realization then of a persons self-limitation prior to the transformation that makes it practicable for one to go beyond in expanding his/her own consciousness.Lastly, Ilya Prigogines theory of change is one of the supporting theories in accordance to HEC.The theory of change asserts that naturally occurring fluctuations of deterministic processes work together with chance events to guide in a bigger fluct uation that can actually thrust the system into another level of organization and functionality. Disorder is resisted by the structure as it places a strain on the existing structure.The action induced at the fluctuations vital point has the potential to drive into several and vary directions, and it is impossible to identify its path. It is at some point a single direction takes over the system and a new order is established with new rules created and applied upon.This occurring movement through stages of disruption, ambiguity and disarrangement is made easier and possible by the presence of a caring other. Extant research has continued to impinge on on the importance of a nurses economic consumption to partake a supportive role and partnership with the patient in order for the process expanding consciousness to unfurl (Newman, M.).By considering dealing with patients using the HEC framework, although there is a considerable possibility for nurse-patient affinity, it is more li kely that treating patients with HEC the underlying diseases affecting the patients can easily be determined. By identifying a patients pattern, we can then identify the pattern of the environment upon which the patient is interconnected because the pattern of the patient reflects the pattern of the environment. This evolving pattern of order and disorder includes patterns that can be determine as health and disease (Exemplars).ReferencesNewman, M. Overview of the Theory. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from http//www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org/overview/overview.html. Newman, M. Health as Expanding Consciousness. Retrieved February 19, 2007. from http//www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org/. Professional biography of Margaret Newman. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from Newman, M. Health as Expanding Consciousness (PowerPoint Presentation). University of Minnesota. Newman, M. Exemplars. Retrieved February 20, 2007. From http//www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org/exemplars/exem plars.html University of Tennessee Health Sciences Library and Biocommunications Center. Margaret Newman A Nurse Theorist. Retrieved February 20, 2007. From http//library.utmem.edu/exhibits/newman/ Engle, V.F. (1983). Conceptual models of nursing Analysis and application. Newmans model of health. In J. Fitzpatrick & A. Whall (Eds.). 263-73.